Empathy Toward Animals: Documenting Measurement Instruments Used in Research and Practice

This literature review, published as a part of the Empathy in Zoo and Aquariums Measurement Project, discusses the variety of ways in which empathy is defined and measured, identifies gaps in the literature and provides suggestions for aligning assessment tools. It also provides an updated definition of empathy that expands the definition beyond animals and makes it more conducive to research and evaluation efforts.